19 The Object Type Translator

Creating Types in the Database

The first step in using OTT is to create object types or named collection types and store them in the database. This is accomplished through the use of the SQL CREATE TYPE statement.

See Also: For information about creating object types and collections, refer to Chapter 17, "Objects".

Invoking OTT

The next step is to invoke OTT.

You can specify OTT parameters on the command line, or in a file called a configuration file. Certain parameters can also be specified in the INTYPE file.

If you specify a parameter in more than one place, its value on the command line will take precedence over its value in the INTYPE file, which takes precedence over its value in a user-defined configuration file, which takes precedence over its value in the default configuration file.

For global options -- that is, options on the command line or options at the beginning of the INTYPE file before any TYPE statements -- the value on the command line overrides the value in the INTYPE file. (The options that can be specified globally in the INTYPE file are CASE, CODE, INITFILE, OUTDIR, and INITFUNC, but not HFILE.) Anything in the INTYPE file in a TYPE specification applies to a particular type only, and overrides anything on the command line that would otherwise apply to the type. So if you enter TYPE person HFILE=p.h, it applies to person only and overrides the HFILE on the command line. The statement is not considered a command-line parameter.

The OTT Command Line

On most platforms, OTT is invoked on the command line. You can specify the input and output files and the database connection information, among other things. Consult your platform-specific documentation to see how to invoke OTT on your platform.

The following is an example (example 1) of an OTT invocation from the command line:

ott userid=scott/tiger intype=demoin.typ outtype=demoout.typ code=c hfile=demo.h

The following sections describe the elements of the command line used in this example.

For a detailed discussion of the various OTT command line options, see "OTT Reference".

The INTYPE File

When you run OTT, the INTYPE file tells OTT which database types should be translated. It can also control the naming of the generated structs. You can create the INTYPE file, or use the OUTTYPE file of a previous invocation of OTT. If the INTYPE parameter is not used, all types in the schema to which OTT connects are translated.

The following is a simple example of a user-created INTYPE file:

CASE=LOWER
TYPE employee
  TRANSLATE SALARY$ AS salary
            DEPTNO AS department
TYPE ADDRESS
TYPE item
TYPE "Person"
TYPE PURCHASE_ORDER AS p_o

The first line, with the CASE keyword, indicates that generated C identifiers should be in lower case. However, this CASE option is only applied to those identifiers that are not explicitly mentioned in the INTYPE file. Thus, employee and ADDRESS would always result in C structures employee and ADDRESS, respectively. The members of these structures would be named in lower case.

See "CASE" for further information regarding the CASE option.

The lines that begin with the TYPE keyword specify which types in the database should be translated. In this case, the EMPLOYEE, ADDRESS, ITEM, PERSON, and PURCHASE_ORDER types.

The TRANSLATE...AS keywords specify that the name of an object attribute should be changed when the type is translated into a C struct. In this case, the SALARY$ attribute of the employee type is translated to salary.

The AS keyword in the final line specifies that the name of an object type should be changed when it is translated into a struct. In this case, the purchase_order database type is translated into a struct called p_o.

If you do not use AS to translate a type or attribute name, the database name of the type or attribute will be used as the C identifier name, except that the CASE option will be observed, and any characters that cannot be mapped to a legal C identifier character will be replaced by an underscore. Reasons for translating a type or attribute name include:

• the name contains characters other than letters, digits, and underscores

• the name conflicts with a C keyword

• the type name conflicts with another identifier in the same scope. This can happen, for example, if the program uses two types with the same name from different schemas.

• the programmer prefers a different name

OTT may need to translate additional types that are not listed in the INTYPE file. This is because OTT analyzes the types in the INTYPE file for type dependencies before performing the translation, and translates other types as necessary. For example, if the ADDRESS type were not listed in the INTYPE file, but the Person type had an attribute of type ADDRESS, OTT would still translate ADDRESS because it is required to define the Person type.

A normal case-insensitive SQL identifier can be spelled in any combination of upper and lower case in the INTYPE file, and is not quoted.

Use quotation marks, such as TYPE "Person" to reference SQL identifiers that have been created in a case-sensitive manner, for example, CREATE TYPE "Person". A SQL identifier is case-sensitive if it was quoted when it was declared.

Quotation marks can also be used to refer to a SQL identifier that is also an OTT-reserved word, for example, TYPE "CASE". In this case, the quoted name must be in upper case if the SQL identifier was created in a case-insensitive manner, for example, CREATE TYPE Case. If an OTT-reserved word is used to refer to the name of a SQL identifier but is not quoted, OTT will report a syntax error in the INTYPE file.

See Also: For a more detailed specification of the structure of the INTYPE file and the available options, see "Structure of the INTYPE File".

OTT Datatype Mappings

When OTT generates a C struct from a database type, the struct contains one element corresponding to each attribute of the object type. The datatypes of the attributes are mapped to types that are used in Oracle object data types. The datatypes found in Oracle include a set of predefined, primitive types, and provide for the creation of user-defined types, like object types and collections.

The set of predefined types includes standard types that are familiar to most programmers, including number and character types. It also includes datatypes that were introduced with Oracle8 (for example, BLOB or CLOB).

Oracle also includes a set of predefined types that are used to represent object type attributes in C structs. As an example, consider the following object type definition, and its corresponding OTT-generated struct declarations:

CREATE TYPE employee AS OBJECT
(   name       VARCHAR2(30),
    empno      NUMBER,
    deptno     NUMBER,
    hiredate   DATE,
    salary$    NUMBER);

The OTT output, assuming CASE=LOWER and no explicit mappings of type or attribute names, is:

struct employee
{   OCIString * name;
    OCINumber empno;
    OCINumber department;
    OCIDate   hiredate;
    OCINumber salary_;
};
typedef struct emp_type emp_type;
struct employee_ind
{
    OCIInd _atomic;
    OCIInd name;
    OCIInd empno;
    OCIInd department;
    OCIInd hiredate;
    OCIInd salary_;
}
typedef struct employee_ind employee_ind;

The indicator struct (struct employee_ind) is explained in "NULL Indicator Structs".

The datatypes in the struct declarations—OCIString, OCINumber, OCIDate, OCIInd—are C mappings of object types introduced in Oracle8. They are used here to map the datatypes of the object type attributes. The NUMBER datatype of the empno attribute, maps to the new OCINumber datatype, for example. These new datatypes can also be used as the types of bind and define variables.

See Also: For further information about the use of datatypes, including object datatypes in OCI applications, refer to the Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide.

CREATE TYPE my_varray AS VARRAY(5) of integer;

CREATE TYPE object_type AS OBJECT
(object_name    VARCHAR2(20));

CREATE TYPE my_table AS TABLE OF object_type;

CREATE TYPE many_types AS OBJECT
( the_varchar    VARCHAR2(30),
  the_char       CHAR(3),
  the_blob       BLOB,
  the_clob       CLOB,
  the_object     object_type,
  another_ref    REF other_type,
  the_ref        REF many_types,
  the_varray     my_varray,
  the_table      my_table,
  the_date       DATE,
  the_num        NUMBER,
  the_raw        RAW(255));

CASE = LOWER
TYPE many_types

#ifndef MYFILENAME_ORACLE
#define MYFILENAME_ORACLE

#ifndef OCI_ORACLE
#include <oci.h>
#endif

typedef OCIRef many_types_ref;
typedef OCIRef object_type_ref;
typedef OCIArray my_varray;             /* part of many_types */
typedef OCITable my_table;              /* part of many_types*/
typedef OCIRef other_type_ref;
struct object_type                      /* part of many_types */
{
   OCIString * object_name;
};
typedef struct object_type object_type;

struct object_type_ind                  /*indicator struct for*/
{                                       /*object_types*/
   OCIInd _atomic;
   OCIInd object_name;
};
typedef struct object_type_ind object_type_ind;

struct many_types
{
   OCIString *        the_varchar;
   OCIString *        the_char;
   OCIBlobLocator *   the_blob;
   OCIClobLocator *   the_clob;
   struct object_type the_object;
   other_type_ref *   another_ref;
   many_types_ref *   the_ref;
   my_varray *        the_varray;
   my_table *         the_table; 
   OCIDate            the_date;
   OCINumber          the_num;
   OCIRaw *           the_raw;
};
typedef struct many_types many_types;

struct many_types_ind                   /*indicator struct for*/
{                                       /*many_types*/
   OCIInd _atomic;
   OCIInd the_varchar;
   OCIInd the_char;
   OCIInd the_blob;
   OCIInd the_clob;
   struct object_type_ind the_object;   /*nested*/
   OCIInd another_ref;
   OCIInd the_ref;
   OCIInd the_varray;
   OCIInd the_table;
   OCIInd the_date;
   OCIInd the_num;
   OCIInd the_raw;
};
typedef struct many_types_ind many_types_ind;

#endif

typedef OCIRef many_types_ref;
typedef OCIRef object_type_ref;
typedef OCIArray my_varray;    
typedef OCITable my_table; 
typedef OCIRef other_type_ref;

struct many_types
{
   ...
   other_type_ref *   another_ref;
   many_types_ref *   the_ref;
   my_varray *        the_varray;
   my_table *         the_table;
   ...
}

NULL Indicator Structs

Each time OTT generates a C struct to represent a database object type, it also generates a corresponding NULL indicator struct. When an object type is selected into a C struct, NULL indicator information can be selected into a parallel struct.

For example, the following NULL indicator struct was generated in the example in the previous section:

struct many_types_ind
{
OCIInd _atomic;
OCIInd the_varchar;
OCIInd the_char;
OCIInd the_blob;
OCIInd the_clob;
struct object_type_ind the_object;
OCIInd another_ref;
OCIInd the_ref;
OCIInd the_varray;
OCIInd the_table;
OCIInd the_date;
OCIInd the_num;
OCIInd the_raw;
};
typedef struct many_types_ind many_types_ind;

The layout of the NULL struct is important. The first element in the struct (_atomic) is the atomic NULL indicator. This value indicates the NULL status for the object type as a whole. The atomic NULL indicator is followed by an indicator element corresponding to each element in the OTT-generated struct representing the object type.

Notice that when an object type contains another object type as part of its definition (in the earlier example, it is the object_type attribute), the indicator entry for that attribute is the NULL indicator struct (object_type_ind) corresponding to the nested object type.

VARRAYs and NESTED TABLEs contain the NULL information for their elements. The datatype for all other elements of a NULL indicator struct is OCIInd.

See Also: For more information about atomic NULLness, refer to the discussion of object types in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide.

OTT Support for Type Inheritance

To support type inheritance of objects, OTT generates a C struct to represent an object subtype by declaring the inherited attributes in an encapsulated struct with the special name '_super', before declaring the new attributes. Thus, for an object subtype that inherits from a supertype, the first element in the struct is named '_super', followed by elements corresponding to each attribute of the subtype.The type of the element named '_super' is the name of the supertype.

For example, given the type Person_t, with subtype Student_t and subtype Employee_t, which are created as follows:

CREATE TYPE Person_t AS OBJECT
( ssn     NUMBER,
  name    VARCHAR2(30),
  address VARCHAR2(100)) NOT FINAL;

CREATE TYPE Student_t UNDER Person_t
( deptid NUMBER,
  major  VARCHAR2(30)) NOT FINAL;

CREATE TYPE Employee_t UNDER Person_t
( empid NUMBER,
  mgr   VARCHAR2(30));

and, given an INTYPE file which includes:

CASE=SAME
TYPE EMPLOYEE_T
TYPE STUDENT_T
TYPE PERSON_T

OTT generates the following C structs for Person_t, Student_t, and Employee_t and their null indicator structs:

#ifndef MYFILENAME_ORACLE
#define MYFILENAME_ORACLE

#ifndef OCI_ORACLE
#include <oci.h>
#endif

typedef OCIRef EMPLOYEE_T_ref;
typedef OCIRef STUDENT_T_ref;
typedef OCIRef PERSON_T_ref;

struct PERSON_T
{
   OCINumber SSN;
   OCIString * NAME;
   OCIString * ADDRESS;
};
typedef struct PERSON_T PERSON_T;

struct PERSON_T_ind
{
   OCIInd _atomic;
   OCIInd SSN;
   OCIInd NAME;
   OCIInd ADDRESS;
};
typedef struct PERSON_T_ind PERSON_T_ind;

struct EMPLOYEE_T
{
   PERSON_T _super;
   OCINumber EMPID;
   OCIString * MGR;
};
typedef struct EMPLOYEE_T EMPLOYEE_T;

struct EMPLOYEE_T_ind
{
   PERSON_T _super;
   OCIInd EMPID;
   OCIInd MGR;
};
typedef struct EMPLOYEE_T_ind EMPLOYEE_T_ind;

struct STUDENT_T
{
   PERSON_T _super;
   OCINumber DEPTID;
   OCIString * MAJOR;
};
typedef struct STUDENT_T STUDENT_T;

struct STUDENT_T_ind
{
   PERSON_T _super;
   OCIInd DEPTID;
   OCIInd MAJOR;
};
typedef struct STUDENT_T_ind STUDENT_T_ind;

#endif

The earlier C mapping convention allows simple up-casting from an instance of a subtype to an instance of a supertype in C to work properly. For example:

STUDENT_T *stu_ptr = some_ptr;               /* some STUDENT_T instance  */
PERSON_T  *pers_ptr = (PERSON_T *)stu_ptr;   /* up-casting */

The null indicator structs are generated similarly. Note that for the supertype Person_t null indicator struct, the first element is '_atomic', and that for the subtypes Employee_t and Student_t null indicator structs, the first element is '_super' (no atomic element is generated for subtypes).

CREATE TYPE Book_t AS OBJECT 
( title   VARCHAR2(30),
  author  Person_t     /* substitutable */);

struct Book_t
{
  OCIString  *title;
  Person_t   *author;    /* pointer to Person_t struct */
}

struct Book_t_ind
{ 
  OCIInd  _atomic;
  OCIInd  title;
  OCIInd  author;
}

The OUTTYPE File

The OUTTYPE file is named on the OTT command line. When OTT generates the C header file, it also writes the results of the translation into the OUTTYPE file. This file contains an entry for each of the types that is translated, including its version string, and the header file to which its C representation was written.

The OUTTYPE file from one OTT run can be used as the INTYPE file for a subsequent OTT invocation.

For example, given the simple INTYPE file used earlier in this chapter

CASE=LOWER
TYPE employee
  TRANSLATE SALARY$ AS salary
            DEPTNO AS department
TYPE ADDRESS
TYPE item
TYPE person
TYPE PURCHASE_ORDER AS p_o

the user has chosen to specify the case for OTT-generated C identifiers, and has provided a list of types that should be translated. In two of these types, naming conventions are specified.

The following example shows what the OUTTYPE file looks like after running OTT:

CASE = LOWER
TYPE EMPLOYEE AS employee
  VERSION = "$8.0"
  HFILE = demo.h
  TRANSLATE SALARY$ AS salary
             DEPTNO AS department
TYPE ADDRESS AS ADDRESS
  VERSION = "$8.0"
  HFILE = demo.h
TYPE ITEM AS item
  VERSION = "$8.0"
  HFILE = demo.h
TYPE "Person" AS Person
  VERSION = "$8.0"
  HFILE = demo.h
TYPE PURCHASE_ORDER AS p_o
  VERSION = "$8.0"
  HFILE = demo.h

When examining the contents of the OUTTYPE file, you might discover types listed that were not included in the INTYPE specification. For example, if the INTYPE file only specified that the person type was to be translated:

CASE = LOWER
TYPE PERSON

and the definition of the person type includes an attribute of type address, then the OUTTYPE file will include entries for both PERSON and ADDRESS. The person type cannot be translated completely without first translating address.

When the parameter TRANSITIVE has been set to TRUE (it is the default), OTT analyzes the types in the INTYPE file for type dependencies before performing the translation, and translates other types as necessary.

Accessing and Manipulating Objects with OCI

Within the application, the OCI program can perform bind and define operations using program variables declared to be of types that appear in the OTT-generated header file.

For example, an application might fetch a REF to an object using a SQL SELECT statement and then pin that object using the appropriate OCI function. Once the object has been pinned, its attribute data can be accessed and manipulated with other OCI functions.

OCI includes a set of datatype mapping and manipulation functions specifically designed to work on attributes of object types and named collection types.

Some of the available functions follow:

• OCIStringSize() gets the size of an OCIString string.

• OCINumberAdd() adds two OCINumber numbers together.

• OCILobIsEqual() compares two LOB locators for equality.

• OCIRawPtr() gets a pointer to an OCIRaw raw datatype.

• OCICollAppend() appends an element to a collection type (OCIArray or OCITable).

• OCITableFirst() returns the index for the first existing element of a nested table (OCITable).

• OCIRefIsNull() tests if a REF (OCIRef) is NULL

These functions are described in detail in the following chapters of the Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide:

• Chapter 2, which covers OCI concepts, including binding and defining

• Chapter 6, which covers object access and navigation

• Chapter 7, which covers datatype mapping and manipulation

• Chapter 12, which lists datatype mapping and manipulation functions

Calling the Initialization Function

OTT generates a C initialization function if requested. The initialization function tells the environment, for each object type used in the program, which version of the type is used. You can specify a name for the initialization function when invoking OTT with the INITFUNC option, or may allow OTT to select a default name based on the name of the implementation file (INITFILE) containing the function.

The initialization function takes two arguments, an environment handle pointer and an error handle pointer. There is typically a single initialization function, but this is not required. If a program has several separately compiled pieces requiring different types, you may want to execute OTT separately for each piece requiring, for each piece, one initialization file, containing an initialization function.

After you create an environment handle by an explicit OCI object call, for example, by calling OCIEnvInit(), you must also call the initialization functions explicitly for each environment handle. This gives each handle access to all the datatypes used in the entire program.

If an environment handle is implicitly created using embedded SQL statements, such as EXEC SQL CONTEXT USE and EXEC SQL CONNECT, the handle is initialized implicitly, and the initialization functions need not be called. This is relevant for Pro*C/C++ applications, or when Pro*C/C++ is being combined with OCI applications.

The following example shows an initialization function.

Given an INTYPE file, ex2c.typ, containing

TYPE SCOTT.PERSON
TYPE SCOTT.ADDRESS

and the command line

ott userid=scott/tiger intype=ex2c outtype=ex2co hfile=ex2ch.h initfile=ex2cv.c

OTT generates the following to the file ex2cv.c:

#ifndef OCI_ORACLE
#include <oci.h>
#endif

sword ex2cv(OCIEnv *env, OCIError *err)
{
   sword status = OCITypeVTInit(env, err);
   if (status == OCI_SUCCESS)
      status = OCITypeVTInsert(env, err,
          "SCOTT", 5,
          "PERSON", 6,
          "$8.0", 4);
    if (status == OCI_SUCCESS)
        status = OCITypeVTInsert(env, err,
           "SCOTT", 5,
           "ADDRESS", 7,
           "$8.0", 4);
    return status;
}

The function ex2cv creates the type version table and inserts the types SCOTT.PERSON and SCOTT.ADDRESS.

If a program explicitly creates an environment handle, all the initialization functions must be generated, compiled, and linked, because they must be called for each explicitly created handle. If a program does not explicitly create any environment handles, initialization functions are not required.

A program that uses an OTT-generated header file must also use the initialization function generated at the same time. More precisely, if a header file generated by OTT is included in a compilation that generates code that is linked into program P, and an environment handle is explicitly created somewhere in program P, the implementation file generated by the same invocation of OTT must also be compiled and linked into program P. Doing this correctly is your responsibility.

Tasks of the Initialization Function

The C initialization function supplies version information about the types processed by OTT. It adds to the type-version table the name and version identifier of every OTT-processed object datatype.

The type-version table is used by the Open Type Manager (OTM) to determine which version of a type a particular program uses. Different initialization functions generated by OTT at different times may add some of the same types to the type version table. When a type is added more than once, OTM ensures that the same version of the type is registered each time.

It is the OCI programmer's responsibility to declare a function prototype for the initialization function, and to call the function.

OTT Command Line Syntax

The OTT command-line interface is used when explicitly invoking OTT to translate database types into C structs. This is always required when developing OCI applications or Pro*C/C++ applications that use objects.

An OTT command-line statement consists of the keyword OTT, followed by a list of OTT parameters.

The parameters that can appear on an OTT command-line statement are as follows:

   [USERID=username/password[@db_name]]
   [INTYPE=in_filename]
   OUTTYPE=out_filename
   CODE={C|ANSI_C|KR_C}
   [HFILE=filename]
   [ERRTYPE=filename]
   [CONFIG=filename]
   [INITFILE=filename]
   [INITFUNC=filename]
   [CASE={SAME|LOWER|UPPER|OPPOSITE}]
   [SCHEMA_NAMES={ALWAYS|IF_NEEDED|FROM_INTYPE}]
   [TRANSITIVE=TRUE|FALSE]

The HFILE parameter is almost always used. If omitted, HFILE must be specified individually for each type in the INTYPE file. If OTT determines that a type not listed in the INTYPE file must be translated, an error will be reported. Therefore, it is safe to omit the HFILE parameter only if the INTYPE file was previously generated as an OTT OUTTYPE file.

If the INTYPE file is omitted, the entire schema will be translated. See the parameter descriptions in the following section for more information.

The following is an example of an OTT command line statement (enter it as one line):

OTT userid=scott/tiger intype=in.typ outtype=out.typ code=c hfile=demo.h errtype=demo.tls case=lower

Each of the OTT command line parameters is described in the following sections.

OTT Parameters

Enter parameters on the OTT command line using the following format:

parameter=value

where parameter is the literal parameter string and value is a valid parameter setting. The literal parameter string is not case sensitive.

Separate command-line parameters using either spaces or tabs.

Parameters can also appear within a configuration file, but, in that case, no whitespace is permitted within a line, and each parameter must appear on a separate line. Additionally, the parameters CASE, HFILE, INITFUNC, and INITFILE can appear in the INTYPE file.

USERID=username/password[@db_name]

OTT username/password...

INTYPE=filename

OTT username/password filename...

OUTTYPE=filename

CODE= C|KR_C|ANSI_C

INITFILE=filename

INITFUNC=filename

HFILE=filename

CONFIG=filename 

ERRTYPE=filename

CASE=[SAME|LOWER|UPPER|OPPOSITE]

TYPE Worker

struct Worker {...};

TYPE wOrKeR

struct wOrKeR {...};

Where OTT Parameters Can Appear

Supply OTT parameters on the command line, in a CONFIG file named on the command line, or both. Some parameters are also allowed in the INTYPE file.

OTT is invoked as follows:

OTT username/password parameters

If one of the parameters on the command line is

CONFIG=filename

additional parameters are read from the configuration file named filename.

In addition, parameters are also read from a default configuration file in a platform-dependent location. This file must exist, but can be empty. Each line in the configuration may contain one parameter, with no whitespace on the line.

If OTT is executed without any arguments, an on-line parameter reference is displayed.

The types for OTT to translate are named in the file specified by the INTYPE parameter. The parameters CASE, INITFILE, INITFUNC, and HFILE may also appear in the INTYPE file. OUTTYPE files generated by OTT include the CASE parameter, and include the INITFILE, and INITFUNC parameters if an initialization file was generated. The OUTTYPE file specifies the HFILE individually for each type.

The case of the OTT command is platform-dependent.

Structure of the INTYPE File

The INTYPE and OUTTYPE files list the types translated by OTT and provide all the information needed to determine how a type or attribute name is translated to a legal C identifier. These files contain one or more type specifications. These files also may contain specifications of the following options:

• CASE

• HFILE

• INITFILE

• INITFUNC

If the CASE, INITFILE, or INITFUNC options are present, they must precede any type specifications. If these options appear both on the command line and in the INTYPE file, the value on the command line is used.

For an example of a simple user-defined INTYPE file, and of the full OUTTYPE file that OTT generates from it, see "OTT Support for Type Inheritance".

TYPE employee
  TRANSLATE SALARY$ AS salary
            DEPTNO AS department
TYPE ADDRESS
TYPE PURCHASE_ORDER AS p_o

TYPE type_name [AS type_identifier]
[VERSION [=] version_string]
[HFILE [=] hfile_name]
[TRANSLATE{member_name [AS identifier]}...]

[schema_name.]type_name

Nested #include File Generation

Every HFILE generated by OTT #includes other necessary files, and #defines a symbol constructed from the name of the file, that may be used to determine if the HFILE has already been included. Consider, for example, a database with the following types:

create type px1 AS OBJECT (col1 number, col2 integer);
create type px2 AS OBJECT (col1 px1);
create type px3 AS OBJECT (col1 px1);

where the INTYPE file contains:

CASE=lower
type pxl
  hfile tott95a.h
type px3
  hfile tott95b.h

If we invoke OTT with

ott scott/tiger tott95i.typ outtype=tott95o.typ code=c

then it will generate the two following header files.

File tott95b.h is:

#ifndef TOTT95B_ORACLE
#define TOTT95B_ORACLE
#ifndef OCI_ORACLE
#include <oci.h>
#endif
#ifndef TOTT95A_ORACLE
#include "tott95a.h"
#endif
typedef OCIRef px3_ref;
struct px3
{
   struct px1 col1;
};
typedef struct px3 px3;
struct px3_ind
{
   OCIInd _atomic;
   struct px1_ind col1
};
typedef struct px3_ind px3_ind;
#endif

File tott95a.h is:

#ifndef TOTT95A_ORACLE
#define TOTT95A_ORACLE
#ifndef OCI_ORACLE
#include <oci.h>
#endif
typedef OCIRef px1_ref;
struct px1
{
   OCINumber col1;
   OCINumber col2;
}
typedef struct px1 px1;
struct px1_ind
{
   OCIInd _atomic;
   OCIInd col1;
   OCIInd col2;
}
typedef struct px1_ind px1_ind;
#endif

In this file, the symbol TOTT95B_ORACLE is defined first so that the programmer may conditionally include tott95b.h without having to worry whether tott95b.h depends on the include file using the following construct:

#ifndef TOTT95B_ORACLE
#include "tott95b.h"
#endif

Using this technique, you can include "tott95b.h" from some file, say "foo.h", without having to know whether some other file included by "foo.h" also includes "tott95b.h".

After the definition of the symbol TOTT95B_ORACLE, the file oci.h is #included. Every HFILE generated by OTT includes oci.h, that contains type and function declarations that the Pro*C/C++ or OCI programmer will find useful. This is the only case in which OTT uses angle brackets in an #include.

Next, the file tott95a.h is included because it contains the declaration of "struct px1", that tott95b.h requires. When the INTYPE file requests that type declarations be written to more than one file, OTT will determine which other files each HFILE must include, and will generate the necessary #includes.

Note that OTT uses quotes in this #include. When a program including tott95b.h is compiled, the search for tott95a.h begins where the source program was found, and will thereafter follow an implementation-defined search rule. If tott95a.h cannot be found in this way, a complete file name (for example, a UNIX absolute path name beginning with /) should be used in the INTYPE file to specify the location of tott95a.h.

SCHEMA_NAMES Usage

This parameter affects whether the name of a type from the default schema to which OTT is connected is qualified with a schema name in the OUTTYPE file.

The name of a type from a schema other that the default schema is always qualified with a schema name in the OUTTYPE file.

The schema name, or its absence, determines in which schema the type is found during program execution.

There are three settings:

• SCHEMA_NAMES=ALWAYS(default)

  All type names in the OUTTYPE file are qualified with a schema name.

• SCHEMA_NAMES=IF_NEEDED

  The type names in the OUTTYPE file that belong to the default schema are not qualified with a schema name. As always, type names belonging to other schemas are qualified with the schema name.

• SCHEMA_NAMES=FROM_INTYPE

  A type mentioned in the INTYPE file is qualified with a schema name in the OUTTYPE file if, and only if, it was qualified with a schema name in the INTYPE file. A type in the default schema that is not mentioned in the INTYPE file but that has to be generated because of type dependencies is written with a schema name only if the first type encountered by OTT that depends on it was written with a schema name. However, a type that is not in the default schema to which OTT is connected is always written with an explicit schema name.

The OUTTYPE file generated by OTT is the Pro*C/C++ INTYPE file. This file matches database type names to C struct names. This information is used at run-time to make sure that the correct database type is selected into the struct. If a type appears with a schema name in the OUTTYPE file (Pro*C/C++ INTYPE file), the type will be found in the named schema during program execution. If the type appears without a schema name, the type will be found in the default schema to which the program connects, which may be different from the default schema OTT used.

An Example

If SCHEMA_NAMES is set to FROM_INTYPE, and the INTYPE file reads:

TYPE Person
TYPE joe.Dept
TYPE sam.Company

then the Pro*C/C++ application that uses the OTT-generated structs will use the types sam.Company, joe.Dept, and Person. Person without a schema name refers to the Person type in the schema to which the application is connected.

If OTT and the application both connect to schema joe, the application will use the same type (joe.Person) that OTT used. If OTT connected to schema joe but the application connects to schema mary, the application will use the type mary.Person. This behavior is appropriate only if the same "CREATE TYPE Person" statement has been executed in schema joe and schema mary.

On the other hand, the application will use type joe.Dept regardless of to which schema the application is connected. If this is the behavior you want, be sure to include schema names with your type names in the INTYPE file.

In some cases, OTT translates a type that the user did not explicitly name. For example, consider the following SQL declarations:

CREATE TYPE Address AS OBJECT
(
street    VARCHAR2(40),
city      VARCHAR(30),
state     CHAR(2),
zip_code  CHAR(10)
);

CREATE TYPE Person AS OBJECT
(
name      CHAR(20),
age       NUMBER,
addr      ADDRESS
);

Now suppose that OTT connects to schema joe, SCHEMA_NAMES=FROM_INTYPE is specified, and the user's INTYPE files include either

TYPE Person or TYPE joe.Person

but do not mention the type joe.Address, which is used as a nested object type in type joe.Person. If "TYPE joe.Person" appeared in the INTYPE file, "TYPE joe.Person" and "TYPE joe.Address" will appear in the OUTTYPE file. If "Type Person" appeared in the INTYPE file, "TYPE Person" and "TYPE Address" will appear in the OUTTYPE file.

If the joe.Address type is embedded in several types translated by OTT, but is not explicitly mentioned in the INTYPE file, the decision of whether to use a schema name is made the first time OTT encounters the embedded joe.Address type. If, for some reason, the user wants type joe.Address to have a schema name but does not want type Person to have one, you must explicitly request

TYPE      joe.Address

in the INTYPE FILE.

In the usual case in which each type is declared in a single schema, it is safest for you to qualify all type names with schema names in the INTYPE file.

Default Name Mapping

When OTT creates a C identifier name for an object type or attribute, it translates the name from the database character set to a legal C identifier. First, the name is translated from the database character set to the character set used by OTT. Next, if a translation of the resulting name is supplied in the INTYPE file, that translation is used. Otherwise, OTT translates the name character-by-character to the compiler character set, applying the CASE option. The following describes this in more detail.

When OTT reads the name of a database entity, the name is automatically translated from the database character set to the character set used by OTT. In order for OTT to read the name of the database entity successfully, all the characters of the name must be found in the OTT character set, although a character may have different encodings in the two character sets.

The easiest way to guarantee that the character set used by OTT contains all the necessary characters is to make it the same as the database character set. Note, however, that the OTT character set must be a superset of the compiler character set. That is, if the compiler character set is 7-bit ASCII, the OTT character set must include 7-bit ASCII as a subset, and if the compiler character set is 7-bit EBCDIC, the OTT character set must include 7-bit EBCDIC as a subset. The user specifies the character set that OTT uses by setting the NLS_LANG environment variable, or by some other platform-specific mechanism.

Once OTT has read the name of a database entity, it translates the name from the character set used by OTT to the compiler's character set. If a translation of the name appears in the INTYPE file, OTT uses that translation.

Otherwise, OTT attempts to translate the name as follows:

1. First, if the OTT character set is a multibyte character set, all multibyte characters in the name that have singlebyte equivalents are converted to those singlebyte equivalents.

2. Next, the name is converted from the OTT character set to the compiler character set. The compiler character set is a singlebyte character set such as US7ASCII.

3. Finally, the case of letters is set according to the CASE option in effect, and any character that is not legal in a C identifier, or that has no translation in the compiler character set, is replaced by an underscore. If at least one character is replaced by an underscore, OTT gives a warning message. If all the characters in a name are replaced by underscores, OTT gives an error message.

Character-by-character name translation does not alter underscores, digits, or singlebyte letters that appear in the compiler character set, so legal C identifiers are not altered.

Name translation may, for example, translate accented singlebyte characters such as "o" with an umlaut or "a" with an accent grave to "o" or "a", and may translate a multibyte letter to its singlebyte equivalent. Name translation will typically fail if the name contains multibyte characters that lack singlebyte equivalents. In this case, the user must specify name translations in the INTYPE file.

OTT will not detect a naming clash caused by two or more database identifiers being mapped to the same C name, nor will it detect a naming problem where a database identifier is mapped to a C keyword.

Restriction

The following restriction affects the use of OTT.

#ifndef FOO1_ORACLE
#include "foo1.h"
#endif
#ifndef FOO1_ORACLE
#include "/private/smith/foo1.h"
#endif