This chapter contains these topics:
This section describes performance guidelines for applications that use LOB data types.
A chunk is one or more Oracle blocks. You can specify the chunk size for the LOB when creating the table that contains the LOB. This corresponds to the data size used by Oracle Database when accessing or modifying the LOB value. Part of the chunk is used to store system-related information and the rest stores the LOB value. The API you are using has a function that returns the amount of space used in the LOB chunk to store the LOB value. In PL/SQL use DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE. In OCI, use OCILobGetChunkSize(). For SecureFiles, the usable data area of the tablespace block size is returned.
If most LOBs in your database tables are small in size—8K bytes or less—and only a few rows have LOBs larger than 8K bytes, then use the following guidelines to maximize database performance:
Use ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW.
Set the DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter to 8K bytes and use a chunk size of 8K bytes.
See "LOB Storage Parameters" information on tuning other parameters such as CACHE, PCTVERSION, and CHUNK for the LOB segment.
Use the following guidelines to achieve maximum performance with BasicFiles LOBs:
When Possible, Read/Write Large Data Chunks at a Time: Because LOBs are big, you can obtain the best performance by reading and writing large pieces of a LOB value at a time. This helps in several respects:
If accessing the LOB from the client side and the client is at a different node than the server, then large reads/writes reduce network overhead.
If using the NOCACHE option, then each small read/write incurs an I/O. Reading/writing large quantities of data reduces the I/O.
Writing to the LOB creates a new version of the LOB chunk. Therefore, writing small amounts at a time incurs the cost of a new version for each small write. If logging is on, then the chunk is also stored in the redo log.
Use LOB Buffering to Read/Write Small Chunks of Data: If you must read or write small pieces of LOB data on the client, then use LOB buffering — see OCILobEnableBuffering(), OCILobDisableBuffering(), OCILobFlushBuffer(), OCILobWrite2(), OCILobRead2(). Basically, turn on LOB buffering before reading/writing small pieces of LOB data.
See Also:
"LOB Buffering Subsystem" for more information on LOB buffering.Use OCILobRead2() and OCILobWrite2() with Callback: So that data is streamed to and from the LOB. Ensure the length of the entire write is set in the amount parameter on input. Whenever possible, read and write in multiples of the LOB chunk size.
Use a Checkout/Check-in Model for LOBs: LOBs are optimized for the following operations:
SQL UPDATE which replaces the entire LOB value
Copy the entire LOB data to the client, modify the LOB data on the client side, copy the entire LOB data back to the database. This can be done using OCILobRead2() and OCILobWrite2() with streaming.
Commit changes frequently.
In addition to the guidelines described earlier under "LOB Performance Guidelines" on LOB performance in general, here are some guidelines for using temporary LOBs:
Use a separate temporary tablespace for temporary LOB storage instead of the default system tablespace. This avoids device contention when copying data from persistent LOBs to temporary LOBs.
If you use the newly provided enhanced SQL semantics functionality in your applications, then there are many more temporary LOBs created silently in SQL and PL/SQL than before. Ensure that temporary tablespace for storing these temporary LOBs is large enough for your applications. In particular, these temporary LOBs are silently created when you use the following:
SQL functions on LOBs
PL/SQL built-in character functions on LOBs
Variable assignments from VARCHAR2/RAW to CLOBs/BLOBs, respectively.
Perform a LONG-to-LOB migration
In PL/SQL, use NOCOPY to pass temporary LOB parameters by reference whenever possible. Refer to the Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference, for more information on passing parameters by reference and parameter aliasing.
Take advantage of buffer cache on temporary LOBs. Temporary LOBs created with the CACHE parameter set to true move through the buffer cache. Otherwise temporary LOBs are read directly from, and written directly to, disk.
For optimal performance, temporary LOBs use reference on read, copy on write semantics. When a temporary LOB locator is assigned to another locator, the physical LOB data is not copied. Subsequent READ operations using either of the LOB locators refer to the same physical LOB data. On the first WRITE operation after the assignment, the physical LOB data is copied in order to preserve LOB value semantics, that is, to ensure that each locator points to a unique LOB value. This performance consideration mainly applies to the PL/SQL and OCI environments.
In PL/SQL, reference on read, copy on write semantics are illustrated as follows:
LOCATOR1 BLOB; LOCATOR2 BLOB; DBMS_LOB.CREATETEMPORARY (LOCATOR1,TRUE,DBMS_LOB.SESSION); -- LOB data is not copied in this assignment operation: LOCATOR2 := LOCATOR; -- These read operations refer to the same physical LOB copy: DBMS_LOB.READ(LOCATOR1, ...); DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(LOCATOR2, ...); -- A physical copy of the LOB data is made on WRITE: DBMS_LOB.WRITE(LOCATOR2, ...);
In OCI, to ensure value semantics of LOB locators and data, OCILobLocatorAssign() is used to copy temporary LOB locators and the LOB Data. OCILobLocatorAssign() does not make a round trip to the server. The physical temporary LOB copy is made when LOB updates happen in the same round trip as the LOB update API as illustrated in the following:
OCILobLocator *LOC1; OCILobLocator *LOC2; OCILobCreateTemporary(... LOC1, ... TRUE,OCI_DURATION_SESSION); /* No round-trip is incurred in the following call. */ OCILobLocatorAssign(... LOC1, LOC2); /* Read operations refer to the same physical LOB copy. */ OCILobRead2(... LOC1 ...) /* One round-trip is incurred to make a new copy of the * LOB data and to write to the new LOB copy. */ OCILobWrite2(... LOC1 ...) /* LOC2 does not see the same LOB data as LOC1. */ OCILobRead2(... LOC2 ...)
If LOB value semantics are not intended, then you can use C pointers to achieve reference semantics as illustrated in the following:
OCILobLocator *LOC1; OCILobLocator *LOC2; OCILobCreateTemporary(... LOC1, ... TRUE,OCI_DURATION_SESSION); /* Pointer is copied. LOC1 and LOC2 refer to the same LOB data. */ LOC2 = LOC1; /* Write to LOC2. */ OCILobWrite2(...LOC2...) /* LOC1 sees the change made to LOC2. */ OCILobRead2(...LOC1...)
Use OCI_OBJECT mode for temporary LOBs
To improve the performance of temporary LOBs on LOB assignment, use OCI_OBJECT mode for OCILobLocatorAssign(). In OCI_OBJECT mode, the database tries to minimize the number of deep copies to be done. Hence, after OCILobLocatorAssign() is done on a source temporary LOB in OCI_OBJECT mode, the source and the destination locators point to the same LOB until any modification is made through either LOB locator.
Free up temporary LOBs returned from SQL queries and PL/SQL programs.
In PL/SQL, C (OCI), Java and other programmatic interfaces, SQL query results or PL/SQL program executions return temporary LOBs for operation/function calls on LOBs. For example:
SELECT substr(CLOB_Column, 4001, 32000) FROM ...
If the query is executed in PL/SQL, then the returned temporary LOBs are automatically freed at the end of a PL/SQL program block. You can also explicitly free the temporary LOBs at any time. In OCI and Java, the returned temporary LOB must be explicitly freed.
Without proper de-allocation of the temporary LOBs returned from SQL queries, temporary tablespace is filled and you may observe performance degradation.
Be aware of the following performance issues when using SQL semantics with LOBs:
Ensure that your temporary tablespace is large enough to accommodate LOBs stored out-of-line. Persistent LOBs that are greater than approximately 4000 bytes in size are stored outside of the LOB column.
When possible, free unneeded temporary LOB instances. Unless you explicitly free a temporary LOB instance, the LOB remains in existence while your application is executing. More specifically, the instance exists while the scope in which the LOB was declared is executing.
See Also:
Chapter 16, "SQL Semantics and LOBs" for details on SQL semantics support for LOBs.There are two possible procedures that you can use to move data to LOBs in a threaded environment, one of which should be avoided.
Note:
There is no requirement to create an empty LOB in this procedure.
You can use the RETURNING clause as part of the INSERT/UPDATE statement to return a locked LOB locator. This eliminates the need for doing a SELECT-FOR-UPDATE, as mentioned in step 3.
The recommended procedure is as follows:
INSERT an empty LOB, RETURNING the LOB locator.
Move data into the LOB using this locator.
COMMIT. This releases the ROW locks and makes the LOB data persistent.
Alternatively, you can insert more than 4000 bytes of data directly for the LOB columns or LOB attributes.
The following sequence requires a new connection when using a threaded environment, adversely affects performance, and is not recommended:
Create an empty (non-NULL) LOB
Perform INSERT using the empty LOB
SELECT-FOR-UPDATE of the row just entered
Move data into the LOB
COMMIT. This releases the ROW locks and makes the LOB data persistent.
After Oracle Database 10g Release 2, three session-level statistics specific to LOBs are available to users: LOB reads, LOB writes, and LOB writes unaligned. Session statistics are accessible through the V$MYSTAT, V$SESSTAT, and V$SYSSTAT dynamic performance views. To query these views, the user must be granted the privileges SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE, SELECT ON SYS.V_$MYSTAT view, and SELECT ON SYS.V_$STATNAME view.
LOB reads is defined as the number of LOB API read operations performed in the session/system. A single LOB API read may correspond to multiple physical/logical disk block reads.
LOB writes is defined as the number of LOB API write operations performed in the session/system. A single LOB API write may correspond to multiple physical/logical disk block writes.
LOB writes unaligned is defined as the number of LOB API write operations whose start offset or buffer size is not aligned to the internal chunk size of the LOB. Writes aligned to chunk boundaries are the most efficient write operations. The internal chunk size of a LOB is available through the LOB API (for example, using PL/SQL, by DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE()).
The following simple example demonstrates how LOB session statistics are updated as the user performs read/write operations on LOBs.
It is important to note that session statistics are aggregated across operations to all LOBs accessed in a session; the statistics are not separated or categorized by objects (that is, table, column, segment, object numbers, and so on).
In these examples, you reconnect to the database for each demonstration to clear the V$MYSTAT. This enables you to see how the lob statistics change for the specific operation you are testing, without the potentially obscuring effect of past LOB operations within the same session.
See also:
Oracle Database Reference, appendix E, "Statistics Descriptions"This example was created for retrieving LOB access statistics.
rem
rem Set up the user
rem
CONNECT / AS SYSDBA;
SET ECHO ON;
GRANT SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE TO pm;
GRANT SELECT ON sys.v_$mystat TO pm;
GRANT SELECT ON sys.v_$statname TO pm;
rem
rem Create a simplified view for statistics queries
rem
CONNECT pm;
SET ECHO ON;
DROP VIEW mylobstats;
CREATE VIEW mylobstats
AS
SELECT SUBSTR(n.name,1,20) name,
m.value value
FROM v$mystat m,
v$statname n
WHERE m.statistic# = n.statistic#
AND n.name LIKE 'lob%';
rem
rem Create a test table
rem
DROP TABLE t;
CREATE TABLE t (i NUMBER, c CLOB)
lob(c) STORE AS (DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW);
rem
rem Populate some data
rem
rem This should result in unaligned writes, one for
rem each row/lob populated.
rem
CONNECT pm
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
INSERT INTO t VALUES (1, 'a');
INSERT INTO t VALUES (2, rpad('a',4000,'a'));
COMMIT;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
rem
rem Get the lob length
rem
rem Computing lob length does not read lob data, no change
rem in read/write stats.
rem
CONNECT pm;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
SELECT LENGTH(c) FROM t;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
rem
rem Read the lobs
rem
rem Lob reads are performed, one for each lob in the table.
rem
CONNECT pm;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
SELECT * FROM t;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
rem
rem Read and manipulate the lobs (through temporary lobs)
rem
rem The use of complex operators like "substr()" results in
rem the implicit creation and use of temporary lobs. operations
rem on temporary lobs also update lob statistics.
rem
CONNECT pm;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
SELECT substr(c, length(c), 1) FROM t;
SELECT substr(c, 1, 1) FROM t;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
rem
rem Perform some aligned overwrites
rem
rem Only lob write statistics are updated because both the
rem byte offset of the write, and the size of the buffer
rem being written are aligned on the lob chunksize.
rem
CONNECT pm;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
DECLARE
loc CLOB;
buf LONG;
chunk NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT c INTO loc FROM t WHERE i = 1
FOR UPDATE;
chunk := DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE(loc);
buf := rpad('b', chunk, 'b');
-- aligned buffer length and offset
DBMS_LOB.WRITE(loc, chunk, 1, buf);
DBMS_LOB.WRITE(loc, chunk, 1+chunk, buf);
COMMIT;
END;
/
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
rem
rem Perform some unaligned overwrites
rem
rem Both lob write and lob unaligned write statistics are
rem updated because either one or both of the write byte offset
rem and buffer size are unaligned with the lob's chunksize.
rem
CONNECT pm;
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
DECLARE
loc CLOB;
buf LONG;
BEGIN
SELECT c INTO loc FROM t WHERE i = 1
FOR UPDATE;
buf := rpad('b', DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE(loc), 'b');
-- unaligned buffer length
DBMS_LOB.WRITE(loc, DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE(loc)-1, 1, buf);
-- unaligned start offset
DBMS_LOB.WRITE(loc, DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE(loc), 2, buf);
-- unaligned buffer length and start offset
DBMS_LOB.WRITE(loc, DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE(loc)-1, 2, buf);
COMMIT;
END;
/
SELECT * FROM mylobstats;
DROP TABLE t;
DROP VIEW mylobstats;
CONNECT / AS SYSDBA
REVOKE SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE FROM pm;
REVOKE SELECT ON sys.v_$mystat FROM pm;
REVOKE SELECT ON sys.v_$statname FROM pm;
QUIT;