8 Server-Side Programming: PL/SQL and Java

Advantages of PL/SQL Subprograms

As explained in "Introduction to Server-Side Programming", server-side programming has many advantages over client-side programming. PL/SQL subprograms provide the following advantages:

• Improved performance

  • The amount of information that an application must send over a network is small compared with issuing individual SQL statements or sending the text of an entire PL/SQL block to Oracle Database, because the information is sent only once and thereafter invoked when it is used.

  • The compiled form of a procedure is readily available in the database, so no compilation is required at execution time.

  • If the procedure is present in the shared pool of the SGA, then the database need not retrieve it from disk and can begin execution immediately.

• Memory allocation

  Because stored procedures take advantage of the shared memory capabilities of Oracle Database, it must load only a single copy of the procedure into memory for execution by multiple users. Sharing code among users results in a substantial reduction in database memory requirements for applications.

• Improved productivity

  Stored procedures increase development productivity. By designing applications around a common set of procedures, you can avoid redundant coding. For example, you can write procedures to manipulate rows in the employees table. Any application can call these procedures without requiring SQL statements to be rewritten. If the methods of data management change, then only the procedures must be modified, not the applications that use the procedures.

  Stored procedures are perhaps the best way to achieve code reuse. Because any client application written in any language that connects to the database can invoke stored procedures, they provide maximum code reuse in all environments.

• Integrity

  Stored procedures improve the integrity and consistency of your applications. By developing applications around a common group of procedures, you reduce the likelihood of coding errors.

  For example, you can test a subprogram to guarantee that it returns an accurate result and, after it is verified, reuse it in any number of applications without retesting. If the data structures referenced by the procedure are altered, then you must only recompile the procedure. Applications that call the procedure do not necessarily require modifications.

• Security with definer's rights procedures

  Stored procedures can help enforce data security (see "Overview of Database Security"). A definer's rights procedure executes with the privileges of its owner, not its current user. Thus, you can restrict the database operations that users perform by allowing them to access data only through procedures and functions that run with the definer's privileges.

  For example, you can grant users access to a procedure that updates a table but not grant access to the table itself. When a user invokes the procedure, it runs with the privileges of its owner. Users who have only the privilege to run the procedure (but not privileges to query, update, or delete from the underlying tables) can invoke the procedure but not manipulate table data in any other way.

• Inherited privileges and schema context with invoker's rights procedures

  An invoker's rights procedure executes in the current user's schema with the current user's privileges. In other words, an invoker's rights procedure is not tied to a particular user or schema. Invoker's rights procedures make it easy for application developers to centralize application logic, even when the underlying data is divided among user schemas.

  For example, an hr_manager user who runs an update procedure on the hr.employees table can update salaries, whereas an hr_clerk who runs the same procedure is restricted to updating address data.

Creation of PL/SQL Subprograms

A subprogram created at the schema level with the CREATE PROCEDURE or CREATE FUNCTION statement is a standalone stored subprogram. Subprograms defined in a package are called package subprograms and are considered a part of the package. The database stores subprograms in the data dictionary as schema objects.

A subprogram has a specification, which includes descriptions of any parameters, and a body. Example 8-1 shows part of a creation statement for the standalone PL/SQL procedure hire_employees. The procedure inserts a row into the employees table.

CREATE PROCEDURE hire_employees 
  (p_last_name VARCHAR2, p_job_id VARCHAR2, p_manager_id NUMBER, p_hire_date DATE, 
   p_salary NUMBER, p_commission_pct NUMBER, p_department_id NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
.
.
.
  INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, last_name, job_id, manager_id, hire_date, 
    salary, commission_pct, department_id)
  VALUES (emp_sequence.NEXTVAL, p_last_name, p_job_id, p_manager_id, p_hire_date,   
    p_salary, p_commission_pct, p_department_id);
.
.
.
END;

Execution of PL/SQL Subprograms

Users can execute a subprogram interactively by:

• Using an Oracle tool, such as SQL*Plus or SQL Developer (see "Tools for Database Developers")

• Calling it explicitly in the code of a database application, such as an Oracle Forms or precompiler application (see "Client-Side Database Programming")

• Calling it explicitly in the code of another procedure or trigger

Figure 8-1 shows different database applications calling hire_employees.

Figure 8-1 Calling a PL/SQL Stored Procedure

Description of "Figure 8-1 Calling a PL/SQL Stored Procedure"

Alternatively, a privileged user can use Oracle Enterprise Manager or SQL*Plus to run the hire_employees procedure using a statement such as the following:

EXECUTE hire_employees ('TSMITH', 'CLERK', 1037, SYSDATE, 500, NULL, 20); 

The preceding statement inserts a new record for TSMITH in the employees table.

A stored procedure depends on the objects referenced in its body. The database automatically tracks and manages these dependencies. For example, if you alter the definition of the employees table referenced by the hire_employees procedure in a manner that would affect this procedure, then the procedure must be recompiled to validate that it still works as designed. Usually, the database automatically administers such dependency management.

Advantages of PL/SQL Packages

PL/SQL packages provide the following advantages:

• Encapsulation

  Packages enable you to encapsulate or group stored procedures, variables, data types, and so on in a named, stored unit. Encapsulation provides better organization during development and also more flexibility. You can create specifications and reference public procedures without actually creating the package body. Encapsulation simplifies privilege management. Granting the privilege for a package makes package constructs accessible to the grantee.

• Data security

  The methods of package definition enable you to specify which variables, cursors, and procedures are public and private. Public means that it is directly accessible to the user of a package. Private means that it is hidden from the user of a package.

  For example, a package can contain 10 procedures. You can define the package so that only three procedures are public and therefore available for execution by a user of the package. The remaining procedures are private and can only be accessed by the procedures within the package. Do not confuse public and private package variables with grants to PUBLIC.

• Better performance

  An entire package is loaded into memory in small chunks when a procedure in the package is called for the first time. This load is completed in one operation, as opposed to the separate loads required for standalone procedures. When calls to related packaged procedures occur, no disk I/O is needed to run the compiled code in memory.

  A package body can be replaced and recompiled without affecting the specification. As a result, schema objects that reference a package's constructs (always through the specification) need not be recompiled unless the package specification is also replaced. By using packages, unnecessary recompilations can be minimized, resulting in less impact on overall database performance.

Creation of PL/SQL Packages

You create a package in two parts: the specification and the body. The package specification declares all public constructs of the package, whereas the body defines all constructs (public and private) of the package.

Example 8-1 shows part of a statement that creates the package specification for employees_management, which encapsulates several subprograms used to manage an employee database. Each part of the package is created with a different statement.

CREATE PACKAGE employees_management AS 
  FUNCTION hire_employees (last_name VARCHAR2, job_id VARCHAR2, manager_id NUMBER, 
    salary NUMBER, commission_pct NUMBER, department_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER; 
  PROCEDURE fire_employees(employee_id NUMBER); 
  PROCEDURE salary_raise(employee_id NUMBER, salary_incr NUMBER); 
.
.
.
  no_sal EXCEPTION;
END employees_management;

The specification declares the function hire_employees, the procedures fire_employees and salary_raise, and the exception no_sal. All of these public program objects are available to users who have access to the package.

The CREATE PACKAGE BODY command defines objects declared in the specification. The package body must be created in the same schema as the package. After creating the package, you can develop applications that call any of these public procedures or functions or raise any of the public exceptions of the package.

Execution of PL/SQL Package Subprograms

You can reference package contents from database triggers, stored subprograms, 3GL application programs, and Oracle tools. Figure 8-2 shows database applications invoking procedures and functions in the employees_management package.

Figure 8-2 Calling Subprograms in a PL/SQL Package

Description of "Figure 8-2 Calling Subprograms in a PL/SQL Package"

Database applications explicitly call packaged procedures as necessary. After being granted the privileges for the employees_management package, a user can explicitly run any of the procedures contained in it. For example, SQL*Plus can issue the following statement to run the hire_employees package procedure:

EXECUTE employees_management.hire_employees ('TSMITH', 'CLERK', 1037, SYSDATE, 500, NULL, 20);

Collections

A collection is an ordered group of elements, all of the same type. Each element has a unique subscript that determines its position in the collection. To create a collection, you first define a collection type, and then declare a variable of that type.

Collections work like the arrays found in most third-generation programming languages. Also, collections can be passed as parameters. So, you can use them to move columns of data into and out of database tables or between client-side applications and stored subprograms.

Records

A record is a composite variable that can store data values of different types, similar to a struct type in C, C++, or Java. Records are useful for holding data from table rows, or certain columns from table rows.

Suppose you have data about an employee such as name, salary, and hire date. These items are dissimilar in type but logically related. A record containing a field for each item lets you treat the data as a logical unit.

You can use the %ROWTYPE attribute to declare a record that represents a table row or row fetched from a cursor. With user-defined records, you can declare your own fields.

Overview of Oracle JVM

Oracle JVM is a complete, Java2-compliant environment for running pure Java applications. It is compatible with the JLS and the JVM specifications. It supports the standard Java binary format and APIs. In addition, Oracle Database adheres to standard Java language semantics, including dynamic class loading at run time.

Figure 8-5 illustrates how Oracle Java applications reside on top of the Java core class libraries, which reside on top of the Oracle JVM. Because the Oracle Java support system is located within the database, the JVM interacts with database libraries, instead of directly interacting with the operating system.

Figure 8-5 Java Component Structure

Description of "Figure 8-5 Java Component Structure"

Unlike other Java environments, Oracle JVM is embedded within Oracle Database. Some important differences exist between Oracle JVM and typical client JVMs. For example, in a standard Java environment, you run a Java application through the interpreter by issuing the following command on the command line, where classname is the name of the class that you want the JVM to interpret first:

java classname

The preceding command causes the application to run within a process on your operating system. However, if you are not using the command-line interface, then you must load the application into the database, publish the interface, and then run the application within a database data dictionary.

Main Components of Oracle JVM

Oracle JVM runs in the same process space and address space as the database kernel by sharing its memory heaps and directly accessing its relational data. This design optimizes memory use and increases throughput.

Oracle JVM provides a run-time environment for Java objects. It fully supports Java data structures, method dispatch, exception handling, and language-level threads. It also supports all the core Java class libraries, including java.lang, java.io, java.net, java.math, and java.util.

Figure 8-6 shows the main components of Oracle JVM.

Figure 8-6 Main Components of Oracle JVM

Description of "Figure 8-6 Main Components of Oracle JVM"

Oracle JVM embeds the standard Java namespace in the database schemas. This feature lets Java programs access Java objects stored in Oracle Database and application servers across the enterprise.

In addition, Oracle JVM is tightly integrated with the scalable, shared memory architecture of the database. Java programs use call, session, and object lifetimes efficiently without user intervention. As a result, Oracle JVM and middle-tier Java business objects can be scaled, even when they have session-long state.

Java Stored Procedures

A Java stored procedure is a Java method published to SQL and stored in the database. Like a PL/SQL subprogram, a Java procedure can be invoked directly with products like SQL*Plus or indirectly with a trigger. You can access it from any Oracle Net client—OCI, precompiler, or JDBC.

To publish Java methods, you write call specifications, which map Java method names, parameter types, and return types to their SQL counterparts. When called by client applications, a Java stored procedure can accept arguments, reference Java classes, and return Java result values.

Applications calling the Java method by referencing the name of the call specification. The run-time system looks up the call specification definition in the Oracle data dictionary and runs the corresponding Java method.

In addition, you can use Java to develop powerful programs independently of PL/SQL. Oracle Database provides a fully compliant implementation of the Java programming language and JVM.

Java and PL/SQL Integration

You can call existing PL/SQL programs from Java and Java programs from PL/SQL. This solution protects and leverages your PL/SQL and Java code.

Oracle Database offers two different approaches for accessing SQL data from Java, JDBC and SQLJ. Both approaches are available on the client and server. As a result, you can deploy applications on the client and server without modifying the code.

String name;
#sql  { SELECT first_name INTO :name FROM employees WHERE employee_id=112 };
System.out.println("Name is " + name + ", employee number = " + employee_id);