AUDIT

Purpose

Use the AUDIT statement to:

• Track the issuance of SQL statements in subsequent user sessions. You can track the issuance of a specific SQL statement or of all SQL statements authorized by a particular system privilege. Auditing operations on SQL statements apply only to subsequent sessions, not to current sessions.

• Track operations on a specific schema object. Auditing operations on schema objects apply to current sessions as well as to subsequent sessions.

Prerequisites

To audit issuances of a SQL statement, you must have the AUDIT SYSTEM system privilege. However, the AUDIT SYSTEM system privilege is not required when you use the IN SESSION CURRENT clause.

To collect auditing results, you must enable auditing by setting the initialization parameter AUDIT_TRAIL to a value other than the default setting of NONE. You can specify auditing options regardless of whether auditing is enabled. However, Oracle Database does not generate audit records until you enable auditing.

To audit operations on a schema object, the object you choose for auditing must be in your own schema or you must have AUDIT ANY system privilege. In addition, if the object you choose for auditing is a directory object, even if you created it, then you must have AUDIT ANY system privilege.

Syntax

audit::=

audit_operation_clause::=

auditing_by_clause::=

audit_schema_object_clause::=

auditing_on_clause::=

Semantics

audit_operation_clause

Use the audit_operation_clause to audit specified operations, regardless of the schema objects affected by the operations.

sql_statement_shortcut

Specify a shortcut to audit the use of specific SQL statements. Table 13-1 and Table 13-2 list the shortcuts and the SQL statements they audit.

For each audited operation, Oracle Database produces an audit record containing this information:

• The user performing the operation

• The type of operation

• The object involved in the operation

• The date and time of the operation

Oracle Database writes audit records to the audit trail, which is a database table containing audit records. You can review database activity by examining the audit trail through data dictionary views.

system_privilege

Specify a system privilege to audit SQL statements and other operations that are authorized by the specified system privilege.

Rather than specifying many individual system privileges, you can specify the roles CONNECT, RESOURCE, and DBA. Doing so is equivalent to auditing all of the system privileges granted to those roles.

Oracle Database also provides three shortcuts for specifying groups of system privileges and statement options at once:

ALL Specify ALL to audit all statements options shown in Table 13-1 but not the additional statement options shown in Table 13-2.

ALL STATEMENTS Specify ALL STATEMENTS to audit all top-level SQL statements executed. Top-level SQL statements are issued directly by a user. SQL statements run from within a PL/SQL procedure or function are not considered top-level statements. Therefore, this clause does not audit the statements executed within PL/SQL procedures or functions. However, the execution of the PL/SQL procedure or function itself is audited. This clause is useful if you want to audit all the statements in a specific environment, regardless of other auditing configurations that are system wide or user specific.

ALL PRIVILEGES Specify ALL PRIVILEGES to audit system privileges.

auditing_by_clause

Specify the auditing_by_clause to restrict auditing to only SQL statements issued by the specified users. If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database audits all users' statements.

IN SESSION CURRENT

Use this clause to limit auditing to the current session.

audit_schema_object_clause

Use the audit_schema_object_clause to audit operations on specific schema objects.

sql_operation

Specify the SQL operation to be audited. Table 13-3 shows the types of objects that can be audited, and for each object the SQL statements that can be audited. For example, if you choose to audit a table with the ALTER operation, then Oracle Database audits all ALTER TABLE statements issued against the table. If you choose to audit a sequence with the SELECT operation, then the database audits all statements that use any values of the sequence.

ALL

Specify ALL as a shortcut equivalent to specifying all SQL operations applicable for the type of object.

auditing_on_clause

The auditing_on_clause lets you specify the particular schema object to be audited.

schema Specify the schema containing the object chosen for auditing. If you omit schema, then Oracle Database assumes the object is in your own schema.

object Specify the name of the object to be audited. The object must be a table, view, sequence, stored procedure, function, package, materialized view, mining model, or library.

You can also specify a synonym for a table, view, sequence, procedure, stored function, package, materialized view, or user-defined type.

ON DEFAULT  Specify ON DEFAULT to establish the specified object options as default object options for subsequently created objects. After you have established these default auditing options, any subsequently created object is automatically audited with those options. The default auditing options for a view are always the union of the auditing options for the base tables of the view. You can see the current default auditing options by querying the ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS data dictionary view.

When you change the default auditing options, the auditing options for previously created objects remain the same. You can change the auditing options for an existing object only by specifying the object in the ON clause of the AUDIT statement.

ON DIRECTORY  The ON DIRECTORY clause lets you specify the name of a directory chosen for auditing.

ON MINING MODEL  The ON MINING MODEL clause lets you specify the name of a mining model to be audited.

NETWORK

Use this clause to detect internal failures in the network layer.

BY SESSION

In earlier releases, BY SESSION caused the database to write a single record for all SQL statements or operations of the same type executed on the same schema objects in the same session. Beginning with this release of Oracle Database, both BY SESSION and BY ACCESS cause Oracle Database to write one audit record for each audited statement and operation. BY SESSION continues to populate different values to the audit trail compared with BY ACCESS. Oracle recommends that you include the BY ACCESS clause for all AUDIT statements, which results in a more detailed audit record. If you specify neither clause, then BY SESSION is the default.

BY ACCESS

Specify BY ACCESS if you want Oracle Database to write one record for each audited statement and operation.

For statement options and system privileges that audit SQL statements other than DDL, you can specify either BY SESSION or BY ACCESS. BY SESSION is the default.

WHENEVER [NOT] SUCCESSFUL

Specify WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL to audit only SQL statements and operations that succeed.

Specify WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL to audit only statements and operations that fail or result in errors.

If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database performs the audit regardless of success or failure.

Tables of Auditing Options

Note 1: Java schema objects (sources, classes, and resources) are considered the same as procedures, functions, and packages for purposes of auditing options.

Note 2: You can audit INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations only on updatable materialized views.

Note 3: The FLASHBACK audit object option applies only to flashback queries.

Examples

Auditing SQL Statements Relating to Roles: Example  To choose auditing for every SQL statement that creates, alters, drops, or sets a role, regardless of whether the statement completes successfully, issue the following statement:

AUDIT ROLE; 

To choose auditing for every statement that successfully creates, alters, drops, or sets a role, issue the following statement:

AUDIT ROLE
    WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL; 

To choose auditing for every CREATE ROLE, ALTER ROLE, DROP ROLE, or SET ROLE statement that results in an Oracle Database error, issue the following statement:

AUDIT ROLE
    WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL; 

Auditing Query and Update SQL Statements: Example To choose auditing for any statement that queries or updates any table, issue the following statement:

AUDIT SELECT TABLE, UPDATE TABLE; 

To choose auditing for statements issued by the users hr and oe that query or update a table or view, issue the following statement

AUDIT SELECT TABLE, UPDATE TABLE
    BY hr, oe; 

Auditing Deletions: Example To choose auditing for statements issued using the DELETE ANY TABLE system privilege, issue the following statement:

AUDIT DELETE ANY TABLE; 

Auditing Statements Relating to Directories: Examples To choose auditing for statements issued using the CREATE ANY DIRECTORY system privilege, issue the following statement:

AUDIT CREATE ANY DIRECTORY;

To choose auditing for CREATE DIRECTORY (and DROP DIRECTORY) statements that do not use the CREATE ANY DIRECTORY system privilege, issue the following statement:

AUDIT DIRECTORY;

To choose auditing for every statement that reads files from the bfile_dir directory, issue the following statement:

AUDIT READ ON DIRECTORY bfile_dir;

Auditing Queries on a Table: Example To choose auditing for every SQL statement that queries the employees table in the schema hr, issue the following statement:

AUDIT SELECT
    ON hr.employees; 

To choose auditing for every statement that successfully queries the employees table in the schema hr, issue the following statement:

AUDIT SELECT 
    ON hr.employees
    WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL; 

To choose auditing for every statement that queries the employees table in the schema hr and results in an Oracle Database error, issue the following statement:

AUDIT SELECT 
    ON hr.employees
    WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL; 

Auditing Inserts and Updates on a Table: Example To choose auditing for every statement that inserts or updates a row in the customers table in the schema oe, issue the following statement:

AUDIT INSERT, UPDATE
    ON oe.customers; 

Auditing Operations on a Sequence: Example To choose auditing for every statement that performs any operation on the employees_seq sequence in the schema hr, issue the following statement:

AUDIT ALL
    ON hr.employees_seq; 

The preceding statement uses the ALL shortcut to choose auditing for the following statements that operate on the sequence:

• ALTER SEQUENCE

• AUDIT

• GRANT

• any statement that accesses the values of the sequence using the pseudocolumns CURRVAL or NEXTVAL

Setting Default Auditing Options: Example The following statement specifies default auditing options for objects created in the future:

AUDIT ALTER, GRANT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
    ON DEFAULT; 

Any objects created later are automatically configured for audit with the specified options that apply to them.

• If you create a table, then Oracle Database automatically configures audit options ALTER, GRANT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE issued against the table.

• If you create a view, then Oracle Database automatically configures audit options GRANT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE against the view.

• If you create a sequence, then Oracle Database automatically configures audit options ALTER or GRANT against the sequence.

• If you create a procedure, package, or function, then Oracle Database automatically configures audit options ALTER or GRANT against it.