CREATE PROFILE

Purpose

Use the CREATE PROFILE statement to create a profile, which is a set of limits on database resources. If you assign the profile to a user, then that user cannot exceed these limits.

Prerequisites

To create a profile, you must have the CREATE PROFILE system privilege.

To specify resource limits for a user, you must:

• Enable resource limits dynamically with the ALTER SYSTEM statement or with the initialization parameter RESOURCE_LIMIT. This parameter does not apply to password resources. Password resources are always enabled.

• Create a profile that defines the limits using the CREATE PROFILE statement

• Assign the profile to the user using the CREATE USER or ALTER USER statement

Syntax

create_profile::=

resource_parameters::=

(size_clause::=

password_parameters ::=

Semantics

profile

Specify the name of the profile to be created. The name must satisfy the requirements listed in "Database Object Naming Rules". Use profiles to limit the database resources available to a user for a single call or a single session.

Oracle Database enforces resource limits in the following ways:

• If a user exceeds the CONNECT_TIME or IDLE_TIME session resource limit, then the database rolls back the current transaction and ends the session. When the user process next issues a call, the database returns an error.

• If a user attempts to perform an operation that exceeds the limit for other session resources, then the database aborts the operation, rolls back the current statement, and immediately returns an error. The user can then commit or roll back the current transaction, and must then end the session.

• If a user attempts to perform an operation that exceeds the limit for a single call, then the database aborts the operation, rolls back the current statement, and returns an error, leaving the current transaction intact.

UNLIMITED

When specified with a resource parameter, UNLIMITED indicates that a user assigned this profile can use an unlimited amount of this resource. When specified with a password parameter, UNLIMITED indicates that no limit has been set for the parameter.

DEFAULT

Specify DEFAULT if you want to omit a limit for this resource in this profile. A user assigned this profile is subject to the limit for this resource specified in the DEFAULT profile. The DEFAULT profile initially defines unlimited resources. You can change those limits with the ALTER PROFILE statement.

Any user who is not explicitly assigned a profile is subject to the limits defined in the DEFAULT profile. Also, if the profile that is explicitly assigned to a user omits limits for some resources or specifies DEFAULT for some limits, then the user is subject to the limits on those resources defined by the DEFAULT profile.

resource_parameters

SESSIONS_PER_USER Specify the number of concurrent sessions to which you want to limit the user.

CPU_PER_SESSION  Specify the CPU time limit for a session, expressed in hundredth of seconds.

CPU_PER_CALL  Specify the CPU time limit for a call (a parse, execute, or fetch), expressed in hundredths of seconds.

CONNECT_TIME Specify the total elapsed time limit for a session, expressed in minutes.

IDLE_TIME Specify the permitted periods of continuous inactive time during a session, expressed in minutes. Long-running queries and other operations are not subject to this limit.

LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION Specify the permitted number of data blocks read in a session, including blocks read from memory and disk.

LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL Specify the permitted number of data blocks read for a call to process a SQL statement (a parse, execute, or fetch).

PRIVATE_SGA Specify the amount of private space a session can allocate in the shared pool of the system global area (SGA). Refer to size_clause for information on that clause.

COMPOSITE_LIMIT  Specify the total resource cost for a session, expressed in service units. Oracle Database calculates the total service units as a weighted sum of CPU_PER_SESSION, CONNECT_TIME, LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION, and PRIVATE_SGA.

password_parameters

Use the following clauses to set password parameters. Parameters that set lengths of time—that is, all the password parameters except FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS and PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX—are interpreted in number of days. For testing purposes you can specify minutes (n/1440) or even seconds (n/86400) for these parameters. You can also use a decimal value for this purpose (for example .0833 for approximately one hour). The minimum value is 1 second. The maximum value is 24855 days. For FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS and PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX, you must specify an integer.

FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS  Specify the number of consecutive failed attempts to log in to the user account before the account is locked. If you omit this clause, then the default is 10 times.

PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME  Specify the number of days the same password can be used for authentication. If you also set a value for PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME, then the password expires if it is not changed within the grace period, and further connections are rejected. If you omit this clause, then the default is 180 days.

PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME and PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX  These two parameters must be set in conjunction with each other. PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME specifies the number of days before which a password cannot be reused. PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX specifies the number of password changes required before the current password can be reused. For these parameter to have any effect, you must specify a value for both of them.

• If you specify a value for both of these parameters, then the user cannot reuse a password until the password has been changed the number of times specified for PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX during the number of days specified for PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME.

  For example, if you specify PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME to 30 and PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX to 10, then the user can reuse the password after 30 days if the password has already been changed 10 times.

• If you specify a value for either of these parameters and specify UNLIMITED for the other, then the user can never reuse a password.

• If you specify DEFAULT for either parameter, then Oracle Database uses the value defined in the DEFAULT profile. By default, all parameters are set to UNLIMITED in the DEFAULT profile. If you have not changed the default setting of UNLIMITED in the DEFAULT profile, then the database treats the value for that parameter as UNLIMITED.

• If you set both of these parameters to UNLIMITED, then the database ignores both of them. This is the default if you omit both parameters.

PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME  Specify the number of days an account will be locked after the specified number of consecutive failed login attempts. If you omit this clause, then the default is 1 day.

PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME  Specify the number of days after the grace period begins during which a warning is issued and login is allowed. If you omit this clause, then the default is 7 days.

PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION  The PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION clause lets a PL/SQL password complexity verification script be passed as an argument to the CREATE PROFILE statement. Oracle Database provides a default script, but you can create your own routine or use third-party software instead.

• For function, specify the name of the password complexity verification routine. The function must exist in the SYS schema and you must have EXECUTE privilege on the function.

• Specify NULL to indicate that no password verification is performed.

If you specify expr for any of the password parameters, then the expression can be of any form except scalar subquery expression.

Restriction on Password Parameters When you assign a profile to an external user or a global user, the password parameters do not take effect for that user.

Examples

Creating a Profile: Example The following statement creates the profile new_profile:

CREATE PROFILE new_profile
  LIMIT PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX 10
        PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME 30;

Setting Profile Resource Limits: Example The following statement creates the profile app_user:

CREATE PROFILE app_user LIMIT 
   SESSIONS_PER_USER          UNLIMITED 
   CPU_PER_SESSION            UNLIMITED 
   CPU_PER_CALL               3000 
   CONNECT_TIME               45 
   LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION  DEFAULT 
   LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL     1000 
   PRIVATE_SGA                15K
   COMPOSITE_LIMIT            5000000; 

If you assign the app_user profile to a user, then the user is subject to the following limits in subsequent sessions:

• The user can have any number of concurrent sessions.

• In a single session, the user can consume an unlimited amount of CPU time.

• A single call made by the user cannot consume more than 30 seconds of CPU time.

• A single session cannot last for more than 45 minutes.

• In a single session, the number of data blocks read from memory and disk is subject to the limit specified in the DEFAULT profile.

• A single call made by the user cannot read more than 1000 data blocks from memory and disk.

• A single session cannot allocate more than 15 kilobytes of memory in the SGA.

• In a single session, the total resource cost cannot exceed 5 million service units. The formula for calculating the total resource cost is specified by the ALTER RESOURCE COST statement.

• Since the app_user profile omits a limit for IDLE_TIME and for password limits, the user is subject to the limits on these resources specified in the DEFAULT profile.

Setting Profile Password Limits: Example The following statement creates the app_user2 profile with password limits values set:

CREATE PROFILE app_user2 LIMIT
   FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 5
   PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 60
   PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME 60
   PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX 5
   PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function
   PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1/24
   PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 10;

This example uses the default Oracle Database password verification function, verify_function. Refer to Oracle Database Security Guide for information on using this verification function provided or designing your own verification function.