Quick Reference
Release 11.2
E16605-02
August 2010
This Quick Reference shows SQL*Plus command syntax. For detailed information on each command, refer to the SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference.
This Quick Reference has the following topics:
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@{url | file_name[.ext]} [arg ...]
@@ { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
/ (slash)
ACC[EPT] variable [NUM[BER] | CHAR | DATE | BINARY_FLOAT | BINARY_DOUBLE] [FOR[MAT] format] [DEF[AULT] default] [PROMPT text | NOPR[OMPT]] [HIDE]
A[PPEND] text
ARCHIVE LOG LIST
ATTRIBUTE [type_name.attribute_name [option...]]
BRE[AK] [ON report_element [action [action]]] ...
BTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
C[HANGE] sepchar old [sepchar [new [sepchar]]]
CL[EAR] option ...
COL[UMN] [{column | expr} [option ...]]
COMP[UTE] [function [LAB[EL] text] ... OF {expr | column | alias} ...ON {expr | column | alias | REPORT | ROW} ...]
CONN[ECT] [{logon | / | proxy} [AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA | SYSASM}] [edition=value] ]
COPY {FROM database | TO database | FROM database TO database} {APPEND | CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE} destination_table[(column, column, column, ...)] USING query
DEF[INE] [variable] | [variable = text]
DEL [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
DESC[RIBE] {[schema.]object[@connect_identifier]}
DISC[ONNECT]
ED[IT] [file_name[.ext]]
EXEC[UTE] statement
{EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK]
GET [FILE] file_name[.ext] [LIST | NOLIST]
HELP | ? [topic]
HO[ST] [command]
I[NPUT] [text]
L[IST] [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
PASSW[ORD] [username]
PAU[SE] [text]
PRINT [variable ...]
PRO[MPT] [text]
{QUIT | EXIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK]
RECOVER {general | managed | BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP}
REM[ARK]
REPF[OOTER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
REPH[EADER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
R[UN]
SAV[E] [FILE] file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
SET system_variable value
SHO[W] [option]
SHUTDOWN [ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL [LOCAL]]
SPO[OL] [filename[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]] | OFF | OUT]
STA[RT] { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
STARTUP options | upgrade_options
STORE {SET} file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
TIMI[NG] [START text | SHOW | STOP]
TTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
UNDEF[INE] variable ...
VAR[IABLE] [variable [type]]
WHENEVER OSERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE[COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
WHENEVER SQLERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE [COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
XQUERY xquery_statement
Use the following commands to log in to and out of SQL*Plus.
SQLPLUS [[option] [logon | / NOLOG] [start]]
where option has the following syntax:
-H[ELP] | -V[ERSION] | [ [-C[OMPATIBILITY] x.y[.z]] [-L[OGON]] [-M[ARKUP] "mark_options"] [-R[ESTRICT] {1 | 2 | 3}] [-S[ILENT]] ]
where mark_options has the following syntax:
HTML [ON | OFF] [HEAD text] [BODY text] [TABLE text] [ENTMAP {ON | OFF}] [SPOOL {ON | OFF}] [PRE[FORMAT] {ON | OFF}]
where logon has the following syntax:
{username[/password] [@connect_identifier] | /} [AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA | SYSASM}] [edition=value]
and where start has the following syntax:
@{url | file_name[.ext]} [arg ...]
{EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK]
Commits or rolls back all pending changes, logs out of Oracle, terminates SQL*Plus and returns control to the operating system.
Starting up and shutting down a database requires DBA privileges.
STARTUP options | upgrade_options
where options has the following syntax:
[FORCE] [RESTRICT] [PFILE=filename] [QUIET] [ MOUNT [dbname] | [ OPEN [open_options] [dbname] ] | NOMOUNT ]
where open_options has the following syntax:
READ {ONLY | WRITE [RECOVER]} | RECOVER
and where upgrade_options has the following syntax:
[PFILE=filename] {UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE} [QUIET]
Starts an Oracle instance with several options, including mounting and opening a database.
SHUTDOWN [ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL [LOCAL]]
Shuts down a currently running Oracle instance, optionally closing and dismounting a database.
Use the following commands to execute and collect timing statistics on SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks.
/ (slash)
Executes the most recently executed SQL command or PL/SQL block which is stored in the SQL buffer. Does not list the command. Use slash (/) at the command prompt or line number prompt in SQL*Plus command line. The buffer has no command history and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
EXEC[UTE] statement
Executes a single PL/SQL statement or runs a stored procedure.
R[UN]
Lists and executes the most recently executed SQL command or PL/SQL block which is stored in the SQL buffer. The buffer has no command history and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
TIMI[NG] [START text | SHOW | STOP]
Records timing data for an elapsed period of time, lists the current timer's name and timing data, or lists the number of active timers.
Use the following command to access the help system.
HELP | ? [topic]
Accesses the command-line help system. Enter HELP INDEX or ? INDEX for a list of topics. You can view SQL*Plus resources at http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/sql_plus/ and the Oracle Database Library at http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation.
Use the following command to execute operating system commands.
HO[ST] [command]
Executes an operating system command without leaving SQL*Plus. Enter HOST without command to display an operating system prompt. You can then enter multiple operating system commands.
With some operating systems, you can use another character instead of HOST such as "!" (UNIX) and "$" (Windows). See the Oracle installation and user's manuals provided for your operating system for details.
Use the following commands to edit SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks.
Adds specified text to the end of the current line in the SQL buffer. To separate text from the preceding characters with a space, enter two spaces. To append text that ends with a semicolon, end the command with two semicolons (a single semicolon is interpreted as a command terminator).
C[HANGE] sepchar old [sepchar [new [sepchar]]]
Changes first occurrence of old on the current line of the SQL buffer. You can use any non-alphanumeric character such as "/" or "!" as a sepchar. You can omit the space between CHANGE and the first sepchar. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
DEL [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
Deletes one or more lines of the SQL buffer ("*" indicates the current line). You can omit the space between DEL and n or *, but not between DEL and LAST. Enter DEL with no clauses to delete the current line of the buffer. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
I[NPUT] [text]
Adds one or more new lines of text after the current line in the SQL buffer. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
L[IST] [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
Lists one or more lines of the most recently executed SQL command or PL/SQL block which is stored in the SQL buffer. Asterisk (*) indicates the current line. You can omit the space between LIST and n or *, but not between LIST and LAST. Enter LIST with no clauses to list all lines. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
Use the following commands to run scripts.
@ { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. The script can be called from the local file system or a web server. You can pass values to script variables in the usual way.
@@ { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. This command is almost identical to the @ command. It is useful for running nested scripts because it has the additional functionality of looking for the specified script in the same path or url as the calling script.
STA[RT] { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. The script can be called from the local file system or a web server. You can pass values to script variables in the usual way.
Use the following commands to create and modify scripts.
ED[IT] [file_name[.ext]]
Invokes an operating system text editor on the contents of the specified file or on the contents of the SQL buffer. To edit the buffer contents, omit the file name. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
GET file_name[.ext] [LIST | NOLIST]
Loads a SQL statement or PL/SQL block from a file into the SQL buffer. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
REM[ARK]
Begins a comment in a script. The REMARK command must appear at the beginning of a line, and the comment ends at the end of the line (a line cannot contain both a comment and a command). SQL*Plus does not interpret the comment as a command.
SAV[E] file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
Saves the contents of the SQL buffer in a file. The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
STORE {SET} file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
Saves attributes of the current SQL*Plus environment in a file.
WHENEVER OSERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE [COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
Performs the specified action (exits SQL*Plus by default) if an operating system error occurs (such as a file writing error).
WHENEVER SQLERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable | :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE [COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
Performs the specified action (exits SQL*Plus by default) if a SQL command or PL/SQL block generates an error.
Use the following commands to write interactive commands.
ACC[EPT] variable [NUM[BER] | CHAR | DATE | BINARY_FLOAT | BINARY_DOUBLE] [FOR[MAT] format] [DEF[AULT] default] [PROMPT text | NOPR[OMPT]] [HIDE]
Reads a line of input and stores it in a given substitution variable.
DEF[INE] [variable] | [variable = text]
Specifies a substitution variable and assigns a CHAR value to it, or lists the value and variable type of a single variable or all variables.
PAU[SE] [text]
Displays the specified text then waits for the user to press RETURN.
PRO[MPT] [text]
Sends the specified message or a blank line to the user's screen.
UNDEF[INE] variable ...
Deletes one or more substitution variables that you defined either explicitly (with the DEFINE command) or implicitly (with a START command argument).
Use the following commands to create and display bind variables.
PRINT [variable ...]
Displays the current values of bind variables, or lists all bind variables.
VAR[IABLE] [variable [type]]
where type represents one of the following:
Declares a bind variable that can be referenced in PL/SQL, or lists the current display characteristics for a single variable or all variables.
Use the following symbols to create substitution variables and parameters for use in scripts.
&n
Specifies a parameter in a script you run using the START command. START substitutes values you list after the script name as follows: the first for &1, the second for &2, and so on.
&user_variable, &&user_variable
Indicates a substitution variable in a SQL or SQL*Plus command. SQL*Plus substitutes the value of the specified substitution variable for each substitution variable it encounters. If the substitution variable is undefined, SQL*Plus prompts you for a value each time an "&" variable is found, and the first time an "&&" variable is found.
. (period)
Terminates a substitution variable followed by a character that would otherwise be part of the variable name.
Use the following commands to format, store and print your query results.
ATTRIBUTE [type_name.attribute_name [option...]]
Specifies display characteristics for a given attribute of an Object Type column, such as the format of NUMBER data. Columns and attributes should not have the same names as they share a common namespace. Lists the current display characteristics for a single attribute or for all attributes.
Where option represents one of the following clauses:
BRE[AK] [ON report_element [action [action]]] ...
Specifies where changes occur in a report and the formatting action to perform, such as:
suppressing the display of duplicate values for a given column
skipping a line each time a given column value changes
printing computed figures each time a given column value changes or at the end of the report
Enter BREAK with no clauses to list the current BREAK definition.
Where report_element has the following syntax:
{column | expr | ROW | REPORT}
and where action has the following syntax:
[SKI[P] n | [SKI[P]] PAGE] [NODUP[LICATES] | DUP[LICATES]]
BTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
Places and formats a title at the bottom of each report page, or lists the current BTITLE definition. Use one of the following clauses in place of printspec:
CL[EAR] option ...
Resets or erases the current value or setting for the specified option.
Where option represents one of the following clauses:
COL[UMN] [{column | expr} [option ...]]
Specifies display attributes for a given column, such as:
text for the column heading
alignment for the column heading
format for NUMBER data
wrapping of column data
Also lists the current display attributes for a single column or all columns.
Where option represents one of the following clauses:
Enter COLUMN [{column |expr} FORMAT format] where the format element specifies the display format for the column.
To change the display format of a NUMBER column, use FORMAT followed by one of the elements in the following table:
| Element | Examples | Description |
|---|---|---|
| , (comma) |
9,999 |
Displays a comma in the specified position. |
| . (period) |
99.99 |
Displays a period (decimal point) to separate the integral and fractional parts of a number. |
| $ |
$9999 |
Displays a leading dollar sign. |
| 0 |
0999 9990 |
Displays leading zeros Displays trailing zeros. |
| 9 |
9999 |
Displays a value with the number of digits specified by the number of 9s. Value has a leading space if positive, a leading minus sign if negative. Blanks are displayed for leading zeroes. A zero (0) is displayed for a value of zero. |
| B |
B9999 |
Displays blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part is zero, regardless of zeros in the format model. |
| C |
C999 |
Displays the ISO currency symbol in the specified position. |
| D |
99D99 |
Displays the decimal character to separate the integral and fractional parts of a number. |
| EEEE |
9.999EEEE |
Displays value in scientific notation (format must contain exactly four "E"s). |
| G |
9G999 |
Displays the group separator in the specified positions in the integral part of a number. |
| L |
L999 |
Displays the local currency symbol in the specified position. |
| MI |
9999MI |
Displays a trailing minus sign after a negative value. Display a trailing space after a positive value. |
| PR |
9999PR |
Displays a negative value in <angle brackets>. Displays a positive value with a leading and trailing space. |
| RN rn |
RN rn |
Displays uppercase Roman numerals. Displays lowercase Roman numerals. Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999. |
| S |
S9999 9999S |
Displays a leading minus or plus sign. Displays a trailing minus or plus sign. |
| TM |
TM |
Displays the smallest number of decimal characters possible. The default is TM9. Fixed notation is used for output up to 64 characters, scientific notation for more than 64 characters. Cannot precede TM with any other element. TM can only be followed by a single 9 or E |
| U |
U9999 |
Displays the dual currency symbol in the specified position. |
COMP[UTE] [function [LAB[EL] text] ... OF {expr | column | alias} ...ON {expr | column | alias | REPORT | ROW} ...]
In combination with the BREAK command, calculates and prints summary lines using various standard computations. It also lists all COMPUTE definitions. The following table lists valid functions. All functions except NUMBER apply to non-null values only. COMPUTE functions are always executed in the following sequence AVG, COUNT, MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, NUMBER, SUM, STD, VARIANCE.
| Function | Computes | Applies to Datatypes |
|---|---|---|
|
AVG |
Average of non-null values | NUMBER |
|
COU[NT] |
Count of non-null values | All types |
|
MIN[IMUM] |
Minimum value | NUMBER, CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR2 (VARCHAR), NVARCHAR2 (NCHAR VARYING) |
|
MAX[IMUM] |
Maximum value | NUMBER, CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR2 (VARCHAR), NVARCHAR2 (NCHAR VARYING) |
|
NUM[BER] |
Count of rows | All types |
|
SUM |
Sum of non-null values | NUMBER |
|
STD |
Standard deviation of non-null values | NUMBER |
|
VAR[IANCE] |
Variance of non-null values | NUMBER |
REPF[OOTER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
Places and formats a footer at the bottom of a report, or lists the current REPFOOTER definition.
Where printspec represents one or more of the following clauses:
REPH[EADER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
Places and formats a header at the top of a report, or lists the current REPHEADER definition.
Where printspec represents one or more of the clauses shown for REPFOOTER.
SPO[OL] [filename[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]] | OFF | OUT]
Stores query results in a file, or optionally sends the file to a printer. OFF stops spooling. OUT stops spooling and sends the file to your computer's default printer. Enter SPOOL with no clauses to list the current spooling status. If no file extension is given, the default extension, .lst or .lis, is used.
TTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
Places and formats a specified title at the top of each report page, or lists the current TTITLE definition. The old form of TTITLE is used if only a single word or a string in quotes follows the TTITLE command.
Where printspec represents one or more of the following clauses:
Use the following commands to access and copy data between tables on different databases.
CONN[ECT] [{logon | / | proxy} [AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA | SYSASM}]]
where logon requires the following syntax:
username[/password] [@connect_identifier]
where proxy requires the following syntax:
proxyuser[username] [/password] [@connect_identifier]
Note:
The brackets around username in proxy are required syntax.Connects a given username to the Oracle Database. If you omit connect_identifier, SQL*Plus connects you to the default database. If you omit username and/or password, SQL*Plus prompts you for them. CONNECT followed by a slash (/) connects you using a default (OPS$) logon.
When you run a CONNECT command, the site profile, glogin.sql, and the user profile, login.sql, are processed in that order. CONNECT does not reprompt for username or password if the initial connection does not succeed.
DISC[ONNECT]
Commits pending changes to the database and logs the current user out of Oracle, but does not exit SQL*Plus. In SQL*Plus command line, use EXIT or QUIT to log out of Oracle and return control to your computer's operating system.
COPY {FROM database | TO database | FROM database TO database} {APPEND | CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE} destination_table[(column, column, column, ...)] USING query
where database has the following syntax:
username[/password]@connect_identifier
Copies data from a query to a table in the same or another database. APPEND, CREATE, INSERT or REPLACE specifies how COPY treats the existing copy of the destination table (if it exists). USING query identifies the source table and determines which rows and columns COPY copies from it. COPY supports CHAR, DATE, LONG, NUMBER and VARCHAR2 datatypes.
PASSW[ORD] [username]
Allows you to change a password without displaying it on an input device.
XQUERY xquery_statement
Allows you to run an XQuery from SQL*Plus.
ARCHIVE LOG LIST
Displays information about redo log files.
DESC[RIBE] {[schema.]object[@connect_identifier]}
Lists the column definitions for a table, view or synonym, or the specifications for a function or procedure.
RECOVER {general | managed | BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP}
where the general clause has the following syntax:
[AUTOMATIC] [FROM location] { {full_database_recovery | partial_database_recovery | LOGFILE filename} [ {TEST | ALLOW integer CORRUPTION | parallel_clause } [TEST |ALLOW integer CORRUPTION | parallel_clause ]...]|CONTINUE [DEFAULT] | CANCEL}
where the full_database_recovery clause has the following syntax:
[STANDBY] DATABASE [ {UNTIL {CANCEL | TIME date | CHANGE integer} | USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE} [UNTIL {CANCEL | TIME date | CHANGE integer} | USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE]...]
where the partial_database_recovery clause has the following syntax:
{TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace]... | DATAFILE {filename | filenumber} [, filename | filenumber]... | STANDBY {TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace]... | DATAFILE {filename | filenumber} [, filename | filenumber]...} UNTIL [CONSISTENT WITH] CONTROLFILE }
where the parallel clause has the following syntax:
{ NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }
where the managed clause has the following syntax:
MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE recover_clause | cancel_clause | finish_clause
where the recover_clause has the following syntax:
{ { DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] | { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT } } | { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer } | NEXT integer | { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE } | parallel_clause | USING CURRENT LOGFILE | UNTIL CHANGE integer | THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer | ALL ARCHIVELOG | { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER} } [ DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] | { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT } | { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer } | NEXT integer | { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE } | parallel_clause | USING CURRENT LOGFILE | UNTIL CHANGE integer | THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer | ALL ARCHIVELOG | { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER} ]...
where the cancel_clause has the following syntax:
CANCEL [IMMEDIATE] [WAIT | NOWAIT]
where the finish_clause has the following syntax:
[ DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] ] [ parallel_clause ]FINISH [ SKIP [ STANDBY LOGFILE ] ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]
where the parallel_clause has the following syntax:
{ NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }
Performs media recovery on one or more tablespaces, one or more datafiles, or the entire database.
SET system_variable value
Sets a system variable to alter the SQL*Plus environment settings for your current session. For example, to:
set the display width for data
customize HTML formatting
enable or disable printing of column headings
set the number of lines per page
Enter a system variable followed by a value as shown below:
SHO[W] [option]
Shows the value of a SQL*Plus system variable, or the current SQL*Plus environment. Enter any system variable set by the SET command in place of system_variable. SHOW SGA requires a DBA privileged login. Use one of the following terms or clauses in place of option:
SQL*Plus Quick Reference, Release 11.2
E16605-02
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